# Migrating from GTK+ 2.x to GTK+ 3

GTK+ 3 is a major new version of GTK+ that breaks both API and ABI compared to GTK+ 2.x, which has remained API- and ABI-stable for a long time. Thankfully, most of the changes are not hard to adapt to and there are a number of steps that you can take to prepare your GTK+ 2.x application for the switch to GTK+ 3. After that, there's a small number of adjustments that you may have to do when you actually switch your application to build against GTK+ 3.

## Preparation in GTK+ 2.x

The steps outlined in the following sections assume that your application is working with GTK+ 2.24, which is the final stable release of GTK+ 2.x. It includes all the necessary APIs and tools to help you port your application to GTK+ 3. If you are still using an older version of GTK+ 2.x, you should first get your application to build and work with 2.24.

### Do not include individual headers

With GTK+ 2.x it was common to include just the header files for a few widgets that your application was using, which could lead to problems with missing definitions, etc. GTK+ 3 tightens the rules about which header files you are allowed to include directly. The allowed header files are are

`gtk/gtk.h`

- for GTK

`gtk/gtkx.h`

- for the X-specfic widgets #GtkSocket and #GtkPlug

`gtk/gtkunixprint.h`

- for low-level, UNIX-specific printing functions

`gdk/gdk.h`

- for GDK

`gdk/gdkx.h`

- for GDK functions that are X11-specific

`gdk/gdkwin32.h`

- for GDK functions that are Windows-specific
(these relative paths are assuming that you are using the include paths that are specified in the gtk+-2.0.pc file, as returned by `pkg-config --cflags gtk+-2.0.pc`.)

To check that your application only includes the allowed headers, you can use defines to disable inclusion of individual headers, as follows:

        make CFLAGS+="-DGTK_DISABLE_SINGLE_INCLUDES"

### Do not use deprecated symbols

Over the years, a number of functions, and in some cases, entire widgets have been deprecated. These deprecations are clearly spelled out in the API reference, with hints about the recommended replacements. The API reference for GTK+ 2 also includes an index of all deprecated symbols.

To verify that your program does not use any deprecated symbols, you can use defines to remove deprecated symbols from the header files, as follows:

        make CFLAGS+="-DGDK_DISABLE_DEPRECATED -DGTK_DISABLE_DEPRECATED"

Note that some parts of our API, such as enumeration values, are not well covered by the deprecation warnings. In most cases, using them will require you to also use deprecated functions, which will trigger warnings. But some things, like the %GTK_DIALOG_NO_SEPARATOR flag that has disappeared in GTK+ 3, may not.

### Use accessor functions instead of direct access

GTK+ 3 removes many implementation details and struct members from its public headers.

To ensure that your application does not have problems with this, you define the preprocessor symbol `GSEAL_ENABLE` while building your application against GTK+ 2.x. This will make the compiler catch all uses of direct access to struct fields so that you can go through them one by one and replace them with a call to an accessor function instead.

        make CFLAGS+="-DGSEAL_ENABLE"

While it may be painful to convert, this helps us keep API and ABI compatibility when we change internal interfaces. As a quick example, when adding GSEAL_ENABLE, if you see an error like:

        error: 'GtkToggleButton' has no member named 'active'

this means that you are accessing the public structure of GtkToggleButton directly, perhaps with some code like:

          static void
          on_toggled (GtkToggleButton *button)
          {
            if (button->active)
              frob_active ();
            else
              frob_inactive ();
          }

In most cases, this can easily be replaced with the correct accessor method. The main rule is that if you have code like the above which accesses the "active" field of a "GtkToggleButton", then the accessor method becomes "gtk_toggle_button_get_active":

          static void
          on_toggled (GtkToggleButton *button)
          {
            if (gtk_toggle_button_get_active (button))
              frob_active ();
            else
              frob_inactive ();
          }

In the case of setting field members directly, there's usually a corresponding setter method.

### Replace GDK_<keyname> with GDK_KEY_<keyname>

Key constants have gained a `_KEY_` infix. For example, `GDK_a` is now `GDK_KEY_a`. In GTK+ 2, the old names continue to be available. In GTK+ 3 however, the old names will require an explicit include of the `gdkkeysyms-compat.h` header.

### Use GIO for launching applications

The `gdk_spawn` family of functions has been deprecated in GDK 2.24 and removed from GDK 3. Various replacements exist; the best replacement depends on the circumstances:

- If you are opening a document or URI by launching a command like `firefox http://my-favourite-website.com` or `gnome-open ghelp:epiphany`, it is best to just use gtk_show_uri_on_window(); as an added benefit, your application will henceforth respect the users preference for what application to use and correctly open links in sandboxed applications.
- If you are launching a regular, installed application that has a desktop file, it is best to use GIOs #GAppInfo with a suitable launch context.

              GAppInfo *info;
              GAppLaunchContext *context;
              GError *error = NULL;

              info = (GAppInfo*) g_desktop_app_info_new ("epiphany.desktop");
              context = (GAppLaunchContext*) gdk_display_get_app_launch_context (display);
              g_app_info_launch (info, NULL, context, &error);

              if (error)
                {
                  g_warning ("Failed to launch epiphany: %s", error->message);
                  g_error_free (error);
                }

              g_object_unref (info);
              g_object_unref (context);

  Remember that you have to include `gio/gdesktopappinfo.h` and use the `gio-unix-2.0` pkg-config file when using g_desktop_app_info_new().
- If you are launching a custom commandline, you can still use g_app_info_launch() with a GAppInfo that is constructed with g_app_info_create_from_commandline(), or you can use the more lowlevel `g_spawn` family of functions (e.g. g_spawn_command_line_async()), and pass `DISPLAY` in the environment. gdk_screen_make_display_name() can be used to find the right value for the `DISPLAY` environment variable.

### Use cairo for drawing

In GTK+ 3, the GDK drawing API (which closely mimics the X drawing API, which is itself modeled after PostScript) has been removed. All drawing in GTK+ 3 is done via cairo.

The #GdkGC and #GdkImage objects, as well as all the functions using them, are gone. This includes the `gdk_draw` family of functions like gdk_draw_rectangle() and gdk_draw_drawable(). As #GdkGC is roughly equivalent to #cairo_t and #GdkImage was used for drawing images to GdkWindows, which cairo supports automatically, a transition is usually straightforward.

The following examples show a few common drawing idioms used by applications that have been ported to use cairo and how the code was replaced.

#### Drawing a GdkPixbuf onto a GdkWindow

Drawing a pixbuf onto a drawable used to be done like this:

    gdk_draw_pixbuf (window,
                     gtk_widget_get_style (widget)->black_gc,
                     pixbuf,
                     0, 0
                     x, y,
                     gdk_pixbuf_get_width (pixbuf),
                     gdk_pixbuf_get_height (pixbuf),
                     GDK_RGB_DITHER_NORMAL,
                     0, 0);

Doing the same thing with cairo:

    cairo_t *cr = gdk_cairo_create (window);
    gdk_cairo_set_source_pixbuf (cr, pixbuf, x, y);
    cairo_paint (cr);
    cairo_destroy (cr);

Note that very similar code can be used when porting code using GdkPixmap to #cairo_surface_t by calling cairo_set_source_surface() instead of gdk_cairo_set_source_pixbuf().

#### Drawing a tiled GdkPixmap to a GdkWindow

Tiled pixmaps are often used for drawing backgrounds. Old code looked something like this:

    GdkGCValues gc_values;
    GdkGC *gc;

    /* setup */
    gc = gtk_widget_get_style (widget)->black_gc;
    gdk_gc_set_tile (gc, pixmap);
    gdk_gc_set_fill (gc, GDK_TILED);
    gdk_gc_set_ts_origin (gc, x_origin, y_origin);
    /* use */
    gdk_draw_rectangle (window, gc, TRUE, 0, 0, width, height);
    /* restore */
    gdk_gc_set_tile (gc, NULL);
    gdk_gc_set_fill (gc, GDK_SOLID);
    gdk_gc_set_ts_origin (gc, 0, 0);

The equivalent cairo code to draw a tiled surface looks like this:

    cairo_t *cr;
    cairo_surface_t *surface;

    surface = ...
    cr = gdk_cairo_create (window);
    cairo_set_source_surface (cr, surface, x_origin, y_origin);
    cairo_pattern_set_extend (cairo_get_source (cr), CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT);
    cairo_rectangle (cr, 0, 0, width, height);
    cairo_fill (cr);
    cairo_destroy (cr);

The surface here can be either an image surface or a X surface, and can either be created on the spot or kept around for caching purposes. Another alternative is to use pixbufs instead of surfaces with gdk_cairo_set_source_pixbuf() instead of cairo_set_source_surface().

#### Drawing a PangoLayout to a clipped area

Drawing layouts clipped is often used to avoid overdraw or to allow drawing selections. Code would have looked like this:

    GdkGC *gc;

    /* setup */
    gc = gtk_widget_get_style (widget)->text_gc[state];
    gdk_gc_set_clip_rectangle (gc, &area);
    /* use */
    gdk_draw_layout (drawable, gc, x, y, layout);
    /* restore */
    gdk_gc_set_clip_rectangle (gc, NULL);

With cairo, the same effect can be achieved using:

    GtkStyleContext *context;
    GtkStateFlags flags;
    GdkRGBA rgba;
    cairo_t *cr;

    cr = gdk_cairo_create (drawable);
    /* clip */
    gdk_cairo_rectangle (cr, &area);
    cairo_clip (cr);
    /* set the correct source color */
    context = gtk_widget_get_style_context (widget));
    state = gtk_widget_get_state_flags (widget);
    gtk_style_context_get_color (context, state, &rgba);
    gdk_cairo_set_source_rgba (cr, &rgba);
    /* draw the text */
    cairo_move_to (cr, x, y);
    pango_cairo_show_layout (cr, layout);
    cairo_destroy (cr);

Clipping using cairo_clip() is of course not restricted to text rendering and can be used everywhere where GC clips were used. And using gdk_cairo_set_source_color() with style colors should be used in all the places where a style’s GC was used to achieve a particular color.

#### What should you be aware of ?

#### No more stippling

Stippling is the usage of a bi-level mask, called a #GdkBitmap. It was often used to achieve a checkerboard effect. You can use cairo_mask() to achieve this effect. To get a checkerbox mask, you can use code like this:

    static cairo_pattern_t *
    gtk_color_button_get_checkered (void)
    {
        /* need to respect pixman's stride being a multiple of 4 */
        static unsigned char data[8] = { 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                         0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00 };
        cairo_surface_t *surface;
        cairo_pattern_t *pattern;

        surface = cairo_image_surface_create_for_data (data,
                                                       CAIRO_FORMAT_A8,
                                                       2, 2,
                                                       4);
        pattern = cairo_pattern_create_for_surface (surface);
        cairo_surface_destroy (surface);
        cairo_pattern_set_extend (pattern, CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT);
        cairo_pattern_set_filter (pattern, CAIRO_FILTER_NEAREST);

        return pattern;
    }

Note that stippling looks very outdated in UIs, and is rarely used in modern applications. All properties that made use of stippling have been removed from GTK+ 3. Most prominently, stippling is absent from text rendering, in particular #GtkTextTag.

#### Using the target also as source or mask

The gdk_draw_drawable() function allowed using the same drawable as source and target. This was often used to achieve a scrolling effect. Cairo does not allow this yet. You can however use cairo_push_group() to get a different intermediate target that you can copy to. So you can replace this code:

    gdk_draw_drawable (pixmap,
                       gc,
                       pixmap,
                       area.x + dx, area.y + dy,
                       area.x, area.y,
                       area.width, area.height);

By using this code:

    cairo_t *cr = cairo_create (surface);
    /* clipping restricts the intermediate surface's size, so it's a good idea
     * to use it. */
    gdk_cairo_rectangle (cr, &area);
    cairo_clip (cr);
    /* Now push a group to change the target */
    cairo_push_group (cr);
    cairo_set_source_surface (cr, surface, dx, dy);
    cairo_paint (cr);
    /* Now copy the intermediate target back */
    cairo_pop_group_to_source (cr);
    cairo_paint (cr);
    cairo_destroy (cr);

The surface here can be either an image surface or a X surface, and can either be created on the spot or kept around for caching purposes. Another alternative is to use pixbufs instead of surfaces with gdk_cairo_set_source_pixbuf() instead of cairo_set_source_surface().

The cairo developers plan to add self-copies in the future to allow exactly this effect, so you might want to keep up on cairo development to be able to change your code.

#### Using pango_cairo_show_layout() instead of gdk_draw_layout_with_colors()

GDK provided a way to ignore the color attributes of text and use a hardcoded text color with the gdk_draw_layout_with_colors() function. This is often used to draw text shadows or selections. Pango’s cairo support does not yet provide this functionality. If you use Pango layouts that change colors, the easiest way to achieve a similar effect is using pango_cairo_layout_path() and cairo_fill() instead of gdk_draw_layout_with_colors(). Note that this results in a slightly uglier-looking text, as subpixel anti-aliasing is not supported.

## Changes that need to be done at the time of the switch

This section outlines porting tasks that you need to tackle when you get to the point that you actually build your application against GTK+ 3. Making it possible to prepare for these in GTK+ 2.24 would have been either impossible or impractical.

### Replace size_request by get_preferred_width/height

The request-phase of the traditional GTK+ geometry management has been replaced by a more flexible height-for-width system, which is described in detail in the API documentation (see geometry-management). As a consequence, the ::size-request signal and vfunc has been removed from #GtkWidgetClass. The replacement for size_request() can take several levels of sophistication:

- As a minimal replacement to keep current functionality, you can simply implement the #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_width() and #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height() vfuncs by calling your existing size_request() function. So you go from

      static void
      my_widget_class_init (MyWidgetClass *class)
      {
        GtkWidgetClass *widget_class = GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class);

        /* ... */

        widget_class->size_request = my_widget_size_request;

        /* ... */
      }

  to something that looks more like this:

      static void
      my_widget_get_preferred_width (GtkWidget *widget,
                                     gint      *minimal_width,
                                     gint      *natural_width)
      {
        GtkRequisition requisition;

        my_widget_size_request (widget, &requisition);

        *minimal_width = *natural_width = requisition.width;
      }

      static void
      my_widget_get_preferred_height (GtkWidget *widget,
                                      gint      *minimal_height,
                                      gint      *natural_height)
      {
        GtkRequisition requisition;

        my_widget_size_request (widget, &requisition);

        *minimal_height = *natural_height = requisition.height;
      }

       /* ... */

      static void
      my_widget_class_init (MyWidgetClass *class)
      {
        GtkWidgetClass *widget_class = GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class);

        /* ... */

        widget_class->get_preferred_width = my_widget_get_preferred_width;
        widget_class->get_preferred_height = my_widget_get_preferred_height;

        /* ... */

      }

  Sometimes you can make things a little more streamlined by replacing your existing size_request() implementation by one that takes an orientation parameter:

      static void
      my_widget_get_preferred_size (GtkWidget      *widget,
                                    GtkOrientation  orientation,
                                     gint          *minimal_size,
                                     gint          *natural_size)
      {

        /* do things that are common for both orientations ... */

        if (orientation == GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL)
          {
            /* do stuff that only applies to width... */

            *minimal_size = *natural_size = ...
          }
        else
         {
            /* do stuff that only applies to height... */

            *minimal_size = *natural_size = ...
         }
      }

      static void
      my_widget_get_preferred_width (GtkWidget *widget,
                                     gint      *minimal_width,
                                     gint      *natural_width)
      {
        my_widget_get_preferred_size (widget,
                                      GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL,
                                      minimal_width,
                                      natural_width);
      }

      static void
      my_widget_get_preferred_height (GtkWidget *widget,
                                      gint      *minimal_height,
                                      gint      *natural_height)
      {
        my_widget_get_preferred_size (widget,
                                      GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL,
                                      minimal_height,
                                      natural_height);
      }

       /* ... */

- If your widget can cope with a small size, but would appreciate getting some more space (a common example would be that it contains ellipsizable labels), you can do that by making your #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_width() / #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height() functions return a smaller value for @minimal than for @natural. For @minimal, you probably want to return the same value that your size_request() function returned before (since size_request() was defined as returning the minimal size a widget can work with). A simple way to obtain good values for @natural, in the case of containers, is to use gtk_widget_get_preferred_width() and gtk_widget_get_preferred_height() on the children of the container, as in the following example:

      static void
      gtk_fixed_get_preferred_height (GtkWidget *widget,
                                      gint      *minimum,
                                      gint      *natural)
      {
        GtkFixed *fixed = GTK_FIXED (widget);
        GtkFixedPrivate *priv = fixed->priv;
        GtkFixedChild *child;
        GList *children;
        gint child_min, child_nat;

        *minimum = 0;
        *natural = 0;

        for (children = priv->children; children; children = children->next)
          {
            child = children->data;

            if (!gtk_widget_get_visible (child->widget))
              continue;

            gtk_widget_get_preferred_height (child->widget, &child_min, &child_nat);

            *minimum = MAX (*minimum, child->y + child_min);
            *natural = MAX (*natural, child->y + child_nat);
          }
      }

- Note that the #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_width() / #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height() functions only allow you to deal with one dimension at a time. If your size_request() handler is doing things that involve both width and height at the same time (e.g. limiting the aspect ratio), you will have to implement #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height_for_width() and #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_width_for_height().

- To make full use of the new capabilities of the height-for-width geometry management, you need to additionally implement the #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height_for_width() and #GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_width_for_height(). For details on these functions, see geometry-management.

### Replace GdkRegion by cairo_region_t

Starting with version 1.10, cairo provides a region API that is equivalent to the GDK region API (which was itself copied from the X server). Therefore, the region API has been removed in GTK+ 3.

Porting your application to the cairo region API should be a straight find-and-replace task. Please refer to the following table:

### GdkRegion to cairo_region_t

GDK | cairo
#GdkRegion | #cairo_region_t
#GdkRectangle | #cairo_rectangle_int_t
gdk_rectangle_intersect() | this function is still there
gdk_rectangle_union() | this function is still there
gdk_region_new() | cairo_region_create()
gdk_region_copy() | cairo_region_copy()
gdk_region_destroy() | cairo_region_destroy()
gdk_region_rectangle() | cairo_region_create_rectangle()
gdk_region_get_clipbox() | cairo_region_get_extents()
gdk_region_get_rectangles() | cairo_region_num_rectangles() and cairo_region_get_rectangle()
gdk_region_empty() | cairo_region_is_empty()
gdk_region_equal() | cairo_region_equal()
gdk_region_point_in() | cairo_region_contains_point()
gdk_region_rect_in() | cairo_region_contains_rectangle()
gdk_region_offset() | cairo_region_translate()
gdk_region_union_with_rect() | cairo_region_union_rectangle()
gdk_region_intersect() | cairo_region_intersect()
gdk_region_union() | cairo_region_union()
gdk_region_subtract() | cairo_region_subtract()
gdk_region_xor() | cairo_region_xor()
gdk_region_shrink() | no replacement
gdk_region_polygon() | no replacement, use cairo paths instead

### Replace GdkPixmap by cairo surfaces

The #GdkPixmap object and related functions have been removed. In the cairo-centric world of GTK+ 3, cairo surfaces take over the role of pixmaps.

#### Creating custom cursors

One place where pixmaps were commonly used is to create custom cursors:

    GdkCursor *cursor;
    GdkPixmap *pixmap;
    cairo_t *cr;
    GdkColor fg = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };

    pixmap = gdk_pixmap_new (NULL, 1, 1, 1);

    cr = gdk_cairo_create (pixmap);
    cairo_rectangle (cr, 0, 0, 1, 1);
    cairo_fill (cr);
    cairo_destroy (cr);

    cursor = gdk_cursor_new_from_pixmap (pixmap, pixmap, &fg, &fg, 0, 0);

    g_object_unref (pixmap);

The same can be achieved without pixmaps, by drawing onto an image surface:

    GdkCursor *cursor;
    cairo_surface_t *s;
    cairo_t *cr;
    GdkPixbuf *pixbuf;

    s = cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_A1, 3, 3);
    cr = cairo_create (s);
    cairo_arc (cr, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 0, 2 * M_PI);
    cairo_fill (cr);
    cairo_destroy (cr);

    pixbuf = gdk_pixbuf_get_from_surface (s,
                                          0, 0,
                                          3, 3);

    cairo_surface_destroy (s);

    cursor = gdk_cursor_new_from_pixbuf (display, pixbuf, 0, 0);

    g_object_unref (pixbuf);

### Replace GdkColormap by GdkVisual

For drawing with cairo, it is not necessary to allocate colors, and a #GdkVisual provides enough information for cairo to handle colors in 'native' surfaces. Therefore, #GdkColormap and related functions have been removed in GTK+ 3, and visuals are used instead. The colormap-handling functions of #GtkWidget (gtk_widget_set_colormap(), etc) have been removed and gtk_widget_set_visual() has been added.

#### Setting up a translucent window

You might have a screen-changed handler like the following to set up a translucent window with an alpha-channel:

    static void
    on_alpha_screen_changed (GtkWidget *widget,
                             GdkScreen *old_screen,
                             GtkWidget *label)
    {
      GdkScreen *screen = gtk_widget_get_screen (widget);
      GdkColormap *colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgba_colormap (screen);

      if (colormap == NULL)
        colormap = gdk_screen_get_default_colormap (screen);

      gtk_widget_set_colormap (widget, colormap);
    }

With visuals instead of colormaps, this will look as follows:

    static void
    on_alpha_screen_changed (GtkWindow *window,
                             GdkScreen *old_screen,
                             GtkWidget *label)
    {
      GdkScreen *screen = gtk_widget_get_screen (GTK_WIDGET (window));
      GdkVisual *visual = gdk_screen_get_rgba_visual (screen);

      if (visual == NULL)
        visual = gdk_screen_get_system_visual (screen);

      gtk_widget_set_visual (window, visual);
    }

### GdkDrawable is gone

#GdkDrawable has been removed in GTK+ 3, together with #GdkPixmap and #GdkImage. The only remaining drawable class is #GdkWindow. For dealing with image data, you should use a #cairo_surface_t or a #GdkPixbuf.

GdkDrawable functions that are useful with windows have been replaced by corresponding GdkWindow functions:

### GdkDrawable to GdkWindow

GDK 2.x | GDK 3
gdk_drawable_get_visual() | gdk_window_get_visual()
gdk_drawable_get_size() | gdk_window_get_width() gdk_window_get_height()
gdk_pixbuf_get_from_drawable() | gdk_pixbuf_get_from_window()
gdk_drawable_get_clip_region() | gdk_window_get_clip_region()
gdk_drawable_get_visible_region() | gdk_window_get_visible_region()

### Event filtering

If your application uses the low-level event filtering facilities in GDK, there are some changes you need to be aware of.

The special-purpose GdkEventClient events and the gdk_add_client_message_filter() and gdk_display_add_client_message_filter() functions have been removed. Receiving X11 ClientMessage events is still possible, using the general gdk_window_add_filter() API. A client message filter like

    static GdkFilterReturn
    message_filter (GdkXEvent *xevent, GdkEvent *event, gpointer data)
    {
      XClientMessageEvent *evt = (XClientMessageEvent *)xevent;

      /* do something with evt ... */
    }

     ...

    message_type = gdk_atom_intern ("MANAGER", FALSE);
    gdk_display_add_client_message_filter (display, message_type, message_filter, NULL);

then looks like this:

    static GdkFilterReturn
    event_filter (GdkXEvent *xevent, GdkEvent *event, gpointer data)
    {
      XClientMessageEvent *evt;
      GdkAtom message_type;

      if (((XEvent *)xevent)->type != ClientMessage)
        return GDK_FILTER_CONTINUE;

      evt = (XClientMessageEvent *)xevent;
      message_type = XInternAtom (evt->display, "MANAGER", FALSE);

      if (evt->message_type != message_type)
        return GDK_FILTER_CONTINUE;

      /* do something with evt ... */
    }

     ...

    gdk_window_add_filter (NULL, message_filter, NULL);

One advantage of using an event filter is that you can actually remove the filter when you don't need it anymore, using gdk_window_remove_filter().

The other difference to be aware of when working with event filters in GTK+ 3 is that GDK now uses XI2 by default when available. That means that your application does not receive core X11 key or button events. Instead, all input events are delivered as XIDeviceEvents. As a short-term workaround for this, you can force your application to not use XI2, with gdk_disable_multidevice(). In the long term, you probably want to rewrite your event filter to deal with XIDeviceEvents.

### Backend-specific code

In GTK+ 2.x, GDK could only be compiled for one backend at a time, and the %GDK_WINDOWING_X11 or %GDK_WINDOWING_WIN32 macros could be used to find out which one you are dealing with:

    #ifdef GDK_WINDOWING_X11
          if (timestamp != GDK_CURRENT_TIME)
            gdk_x11_window_set_user_time (gdk_window, timestamp);
    #endif
    #ifdef GDK_WINDOWING_WIN32
            /* ... win32 specific code ... */
    #endif

In GTK+ 3, GDK can be built with multiple backends, and currently used backend has to be determined at runtime, typically using type-check macros on a #GdkDisplay or #GdkWindow. You still need to use the GDK_WINDOWING macros to only compile code referring to supported backends:

    #ifdef GDK_WINDOWING_X11
          if (GDK_IS_X11_DISPLAY (display))
            {
              if (timestamp != GDK_CURRENT_TIME)
                gdk_x11_window_set_user_time (gdk_window, timestamp);
            }
          else
    #endif
    #ifdef GDK_WINDOWING_WIN32
          if (GDK_IS_WIN32_DISPLAY (display))
            {
              /* ... win32 specific code ... */
            }
          else
    #endif
           {
             g_warning ("Unsupported GDK backend");
           }

If you used the pkg-config variable `target` to conditionally build part of your project depending on the GDK backend, for instance like this:

    AM_CONDITIONAL(BUILD_X11, test `$PKG_CONFIG --variable=target gtk+-2.0` = "x11")

then you should now use the M4 macro provided by GTK+ itself:

    GTK_CHECK_BACKEND([x11], [3.0.2], [have_x11=yes], [have_x11=no])
    AM_CONDITIONAL(BUILD_x11, [test "x$have_x11" = "xyes"])

### GtkPlug and GtkSocket

The #GtkPlug and #GtkSocket widgets are now X11-specific, and you have to include the `<gtk/gtkx.h>` header to use them. The previous section about proper handling of backend-specific code applies, if you care about other backends.

### The GtkWidget::draw signal

The GtkWidget #GtkWidget::expose-event signal has been replaced by a new #GtkWidget::draw signal, which takes a #cairo_t instead of an expose event. The cairo context is being set up so that the origin at (0, 0) coincides with the upper left corner of the widget, and is properly clipped.

In other words, the cairo context of the draw signal is set up in 'widget coordinates', which is different from traditional expose event handlers, which always assume 'window coordinates'.

The widget is expected to draw itself with its allocated size, which is available via the new gtk_widget_get_allocated_width() and gtk_widget_get_allocated_height() functions. It is not necessary to check for gtk_widget_is_drawable(), since GTK+ already does this check before emitting the #GtkWidget::draw signal.

There are some special considerations for widgets with multiple windows. Expose events are window-specific, and widgets with multiple windows could expect to get an expose event for each window that needs to be redrawn. Therefore, multi-window expose event handlers typically look like this:

          if (event->window == widget->window1)
            {
               /* ... draw window1 ... */
            }
          else if (event->window == widget->window2)
            {
               /* ... draw window2 ... */
            }
          ...

In contrast, the #GtkWidget::draw signal handler may have to draw multiple windows in one call. GTK+ has a convenience function gtk_cairo_should_draw_window() that can be used to find out if a window needs to be drawn. With that, the example above would look like this (note that the 'else' is gone):

          if (gtk_cairo_should_draw_window (cr, widget->window1)
            {
               /* ... draw window1 ... */
            }
          if (gtk_cairo_should_draw_window (cr, widget->window2)
            {
               /* ... draw window2 ... */
            }
          ...

Another convenience function that can help when implementing ::draw for multi-window widgets is gtk_cairo_transform_to_window(), which transforms a cairo context from widget-relative coordinates to window-relative coordinates. You may want to use cairo_save() and cairo_restore() when modifying the cairo context in your draw function.

All GtkStyle drawing functions (gtk_paint_box(), etc) have been changed to take a #cairo_t instead of a window and a clip area. ::draw implementations will usually just use the cairo context that has been passed in for this.

#### A simple ::draw function

    gboolean
    gtk_arrow_draw (GtkWidget *widget,
                    cairo_t   *cr)
    {
      GtkStyleContext *context;
      gint x, y;
      gint width, height;
      gint extent;

      context = gtk_widget_get_style_context (widget);

      width = gtk_widget_get_allocated_width (widget);
      height = gtk_widget_get_allocated_height (widget);

      extent = MIN (width - 2 * PAD, height - 2 * PAD);
      x = PAD;
      y = PAD;

      gtk_render_arrow (context, rc, G_PI / 2, x, y, extent);
    }

### GtkProgressBar orientation

In GTK+ 2.x, #GtkProgressBar and #GtkCellRendererProgress were using the GtkProgressBarOrientation enumeration to specify their orientation and direction. In GTK+ 3, both the widget and the cell renderer implement #GtkOrientable, and have an additional 'inverted' property to determine their direction. Therefore, a call to gtk_progress_bar_set_orientation() needs to be replaced by a pair of calls to gtk_orientable_set_orientation() and gtk_progress_bar_set_inverted(). The following values correspond:

GTK+ 2.x | GTK+ 3
GtkProgressBarOrientation | GtkOrientation | inverted
GTK_PROGRESS_LEFT_TO_RIGHT | GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL | FALSE
GTK_PROGRESS_RIGHT_TO_LEFT | GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL | TRUE
GTK_PROGRESS_TOP_TO_BOTTOM | GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL | FALSE
GTK_PROGRESS_BOTTOM_TO_TOP | GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL | TRUE

### Check your expand and fill flags

The behaviour of expanding widgets has changed slightly in GTK+ 3, compared to GTK+ 2.x. It is now 'inherited', i.e. a container that has an expanding child is considered expanding itself. This is often the desired behaviour. In places where you don't want this to happen, setting the container explicity as not expanding will stop the expand flag of the child from being inherited. See gtk_widget_set_hexpand() and gtk_widget_set_vexpand().

If you experience sizing problems with widgets in ported code, carefully check the #GtkBox expand and #GtkBox fill child properties of your boxes.

### Scrolling changes

The default values for the #GtkScrolledWindow:hscrollbar-policy and #GtkScrolledWindow:vscrollbar-policy properties have been changed from 'never' to 'automatic'. If your application was relying on the default value, you will have to set it explicitly.

The ::set-scroll-adjustments signal on GtkWidget has been replaced by the #GtkScrollable interface which must be implemented by a widget that wants to be placed in a #GtkScrolledWindow. Instead of emitting ::set-scroll-adjustments, the scrolled window simply sets the #GtkScrollable:hadjustment and #GtkScrollable:vadjustment properties.

### GtkObject is gone

GtkObject has been removed in GTK+ 3. Its remaining functionality, the ::destroy signal, has been moved to GtkWidget. If you have non-widget classes that are directly derived from GtkObject, you have to make them derive from #GInitiallyUnowned (or, if you don't need the floating functionality, #GObject). If you have widgets that override the destroy class handler, you have to adjust your class_init function, since destroy is now a member of GtkWidgetClass:

          GtkObjectClass *object_class = GTK_OBJECT_CLASS (class);

          object_class->destroy = my_destroy;

becomes

          GtkWidgetClass *widget_class = GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class);

          widget_class->destroy = my_destroy;

In the unlikely case that you have a non-widget class that is derived from GtkObject and makes use of the destroy functionality, you have to implement ::destroy yourself.

If your program used functions like gtk_object_get or gtk_object_set, these can be replaced directly with g_object_get or g_object_set. In fact, most every gtk_object_* function can be replaced with the corresponding g_object_ function, even in GTK+ 2 code. The one exception to this rule is gtk_object_destroy, which can be replaced with gtk_widget_destroy, again in both GTK+ 2 and GTK+ 3.

### GtkEntryCompletion signal parameters

The #GtkEntryCompletion::match-selected and #GtkEntryCompletion::cursor-on-match signals were erroneously given the internal filter model instead of the users model. This oversight has been fixed in GTK+ 3; if you have handlers for these signals, they will likely need slight adjustments.

### Resize grips

The resize grip functionality has been moved from #GtkStatusbar to #GtkWindow. Any window can now have resize grips, regardless whether it has a statusbar or not. The functions gtk_statusbar_set_has_resize_grip() and gtk_statusbar_get_has_resize_grip() have disappeared, and instead there are now gtk_window_set_has_resize_grip() and gtk_window_get_has_resize_grip().

In more recent versions of GTK+ 3, the resize grip functionality has been removed entirely, in favor of invisible resize borders around the window. When updating to newer versions of GTK+ 3, you should simply remove all code dealing with resize grips.

### Prevent mixed linkage

Linking against GTK+ 2.x and GTK+ 3 in the same process is problematic and can lead to hard-to-diagnose crashes. The gtk_init() function in both GTK+ 2.22 and in GTK+ 3 tries to detect this situation and abort with a diagnostic message, but this check is not 100% reliable (e.g. if the problematic linking happens only in loadable modules).

Direct linking of your application against both versions of GTK+ is easy to avoid; the problem gets harder when your application is using libraries that are themselves linked against some version of GTK+. In that case, you have to verify that you are using a version of the library that is linked against GTK+ 3.

If you are using packages provided by a distributor, it is likely that parallel installable versions of the library exist for GTK+ 2.x and GTK+ 3, e.g for vte, check for vte3; for webkitgtk look for webkitgtk3, and so on.

### Install GTK+ modules in the right place

Some software packages install loadable GTK+ modules such as theme engines, gdk-pixbuf loaders or input methods. Since GTK+ 3 is parallel-installable with GTK+ 2.x, the two GTK+ versions have separate locations for their loadable modules. The location for GTK+ 2.x is ``libdir`/gtk-2.0` (and its subdirectories), for GTK+ 3 the location is ``libdir`/gtk-3.0` (and its subdirectories).

For some kinds of modules, namely input methods and pixbuf loaders, GTK+ keeps a cache file with extra information about the modules. For GTK+ 2.x, these cache files are located in ``sysconfdir`/gtk-2.0`. For GTK+ 3, they have been moved to ``libdir`/gtk-3.0/3.0.0/`. The commands that create these cache files have been renamed with a -3 suffix to make them parallel-installable.

Note that GTK+ modules often link against libgtk, libgdk-pixbuf, etc. If that is the case for your module, you have to be careful to link the GTK+ 2.x version of your module against the 2.x version of the libraries, and the GTK+ 3 version against hte 3.x versions. Loading a module linked against libgtk 2.x into an application using GTK+ 3 will lead to unhappiness and must be avoided.